NEI Conference June 8-10: Strategies for a New Economy

April 23rd, 2012

There are various versions of this World Wildlife Fund chart showing the capacity of the Earth’s natural environment (soil, air, water, forests, minerals, energy resources, etc.) to support human life. They all tell a similar story.

Before WWII, humans were using about half the Earth’s available natural resources (the “biocapacity” of the planet) to support our various activities.  Just 30 years on, we were consuming our full planet's worth of resources and had achieved a sort of breakeven steady state with respect to the Earth’s carrying capacity. In accounting terms there was no profit (gain) and no loss of biocapacity.

Since the 1970s, our consumption has continued to increase and we now require more than 1.5 times the Earth’s biocapacity to support our human activities. Our planet’s biocapacity income statement is operating in deficit and we are depleting the Earth’s natural asset’s savings account to fund our lifestyle.

Even more alarming is that fact that if all economies were placing the same burden on natural assets as the US economy, we would need the equivalent of 5 times the Earth’s biocapacity to be at steady state. China, India, Brazil, Indonesia and other developing countries are successfully emulating the economic success of North America and Europe, and as they do, the depletion of Earth’s biocapacity will accelerate.
 
My career has been about trying to reduce the human ecological footprint by focusing on three of the biggest causes of biocapacity depletion: industrial food systems, energy from non-renewable sources and failure to recycle waste as resources. I now know that efforts like mine will fail unless we create a new economic system that recognizes the cost to natural assets of the current non-sustainable economic system. This is the reason I joined the board of the New Economics Institute. NEI believes:

“We are at a turning point in history.  Rising temperatures are now recognized as a sign of our planet in crisis. Inequities between rich and poor, North and South, grow ever deeper. The global economy has failed in its promise to produce and deliver basic goods in an efficient manner for an expanding population, leaving increasing numbers in abject poverty. The environmental crisis, the equity crisis, and the crisis of distributed production all have their roots in the current economic system, with implications for our culture, for our society, and for our health and well-being. What would an economy built on principles of fairness and sustainability look like?  How do we model it; where is it emerging; how do we collectively strategize to fully implement it? These are the pressing questions of our time.”

On June 8-10, the New Economics Institute is hosting a conference entitled "Strategies for a New Economy," at Bard College on the Hudson River in New York State. Our purpose is to bring together what are often diverse and scattered efforts to reshape our economic system, place them under one tent, and raise the flag to announce that transitioning to a new economy will mean engaging politicians, researchers, media, educators, citizen activists, business leaders, financial experts, scientists, union workers, cultural leaders, advocates for the disenfranchised, and youth—all working together to achieve a common goal.
 
And speaking of youth, this article by Andrew Revkin for the New York Times describes some of the reasons young people are calling for a new economy.

Agro-Forestry Belts Benefit Both the Economy and Ecology of Costa Rica

March 2nd, 2012

In recent decades, the watershed of the Nandamojo River, on Costa Rica’s northern Pacific coast, has undergone radical environmental change. Seasonal flooding has intensified, and riverbeds that used to flow year-round are now dry for several months each year. Plus, with climate change, intense rain events are projected to increase while total rainfall in the 6-month wet season is expected to decrease by 25%.

The primary reason for these changes has been a dramatic shift in land use. During the 1950s and 60s, much of the dry tropical forest that once covered most of the Nandamojo valley, was cleared to make room for cattle ranching, monoculture agricultural crops and non-native trees. Since then, the growing population, combined with changing land ownership, has lead to additional tree clearing, especially on local hillsides. Clearing the land of trees has reduced the valley’s ability to absorb and hold water during Guanacaste’s rainy season so it can be released slowly in the dry season. The result has been erosion, loss of top soil, depleted aquifers and compromised estuaries, wetlands and beaches. The Valley’s productivity and its ability to support both wildlife and human activity has rapidly declined.

In response, Restoring Our Watershed (ROW), a non-profit organization dedicated to protecting and restoring the river valley, is piloting an innovative new program to establish “agroforestry belts” on local farms. These 15 ft. x 300 ft. plantings of mixed, indigenous tree and shrub species, will benefit both landowners and the Nandamojo ecosystem. The forestry belts will produce valuable lumber species, fruits, nuts and forage crops. They will also help protect field crops from wind and water erosion. Whenever possible, the agroforestry belts will be connected to existing forests in order to create biological corridors across farms. Plantings will follow contour lines to maximize their effectiveness for infiltrating rainfall and reducing erosion and runoff.

Initial agroforestry belts will be planted in the Nandamojo valley during the 2012 rainy season (June-December). After installation, ROW will monitor and evaluate the effects on soil erosion, surface runoff, and biodiversity. ROW will also provide outreach and educational support to help landowners and other local residents understand the multiple benefits of these reforestation belts.

Read the Agroforestry Belt Concept Paper

Based on the project’s success, ROW intends to scale-up the program and roll it out to other Nandamojo farms, giving priority to land that has already been identified as strategically important for protecting local water resources and restoring the historic flow of the Nandamojo river. The cost to implement this initial project is less than $30,000. Already half of that money has been raised. To learn more about this project or to help support the work, please visit the Restoring Our Watershed website: www.ourwatershed.org or email executive director Matt Rosensteele: matt@ourwatershed.org

How to Transform Local Food Systems in 3 Not-So-Easy Steps

February 13th, 2012

When I first began working on food issues, it was the early 1980s. At that time our worries were primarily environmental (loss of top soil, contaminated aquifers from agricultural chemicals, monoculture desertification of the Great American prairie) and economic (a growing reliance on industrial agriculture and the loss of family farms to a USDA policy of “get big or get dead”).

Today we have even more worries. How will we feed the 7 billion people already on the planet today, much less the projected 9 billion who will be here in 2050? How will our oil-based food system adapt to rising energy costs? How will we curb industrial agriculture’s climate-changing greenhouse gas emissions?

The challenges we face are greater, but the balance may be tipping.

In New England, Vermont’s Intervale Center has been a pioneer in food system transformation. When the Intervale Center was founded 30 years ago, Vermont was producing about .1% of the calories we consumed. We are now approaching 5%, a 50 times increase, and there’s a statewide plan to reach 10% by 2022.

How did this happen? Our plan was simple (though not easy!). We identified three key steps to stimulating more local food production and then we worked on those steps for three decades.

Could the same strategy help transform local food systems in Costa Rica? The answer appears to be yes. We are just 5 years into that effort and already see changes.

How to Launch a Local Food System Transformation

1. Access, improve and gain long-term, cost-effective control over productive land so local farms can sprout.

The Intervale Center accomplished this on several hundred acres of essentially abandoned floodplain in the middle of Burlington. As a non-profit organization, it was able to gain long-term access to the land and make it available to farmers at very reasonable rates. One of the Intervale Center’s first initiatives was to improve the fertility of the soil by establishing a community composting facility nearby.

In Guanacaste Costa Rica, our demonstration farm, Mi Tierra, operates within an eco-development called Tierra Pacifica. We also operate a Mi Tierra "forest farming" project within another eco-development called Pueblo Verde. Both Mi Tierra farming projects partner with a local non-profit organization (Restoring Our Watershed) in service of its mission to restore a 28,000 acre watershed.

Mi Tierra and Restoring Our Watershed recently established a new no-interest micro-lending program. In its first 6 months, the program has provided loans to a honey producer, egg producer and another vegetable grower to help them employ their land more productively.

 

2.  Grow the market incrementally by boosting supply, then demand, then supply and so forth. 

In Burlington, we started with CSAs (the first ones in VT), which were followed by farmers markets, local restaurants, a hospital and university, and most recently the Intervale Food Hub

In Costa Rica, we are following the same strategy. The first outlets for local produce were Supermarket Junquillal and the Tierra Pacifica Welcome Center. Then came Los Pargos farmers market, and now local restaurants and hotels in our area of Guanacaste. Micro loan producers have secured contracts with local restaurants. E-newsletters are reaching new customers. This year, demand for local food is outstripping supply. Next year, more local farms!

 

3. Help new and existing farmers access skills and resources to serve the local market. 

The Intervale Center attracted new farmers by establishing the first and largest urban farm enterprise incubation program in the US. Over the past 3 decades, more than 100 small farms have been supported with business and farming education and consulting, peer-to-peer exchanges, loan programs and cooperative market access tractors, greenhouses, refrigeration, compost, etc.

In Costa Rica, we are expanding the micro-loan program and are beginning to plan for farm education and consulting, peer-to-peer exchanges, and cooperative infrastructure. Gardener’s Supply Company in Burlington is supporting research to find new seed varieties, improve soil fertility and develop custom container growing mixes.

While the climates of Vermont and Costa Rica are very different, the challenges to strengthening local food systems and creating new farms and farm employment are similar. Lessons are transferable. Local food systems can compete with industrial agriculture. Increasing local economic resilience is happening!
 

Getting “Smart” About Electricity

January 10th, 2012

The way we transmit and distribute electrical power has been unchanged for 120 years. Designed when energy was cheap and abundant, and increasing demand was the goal, it is centralized, unidirectional, and serves demand not supply.

What we now need are “smart” electrical power systems that will improve the efficiency, reliability, economics and sustainability of electricity generation, transmission and distribution. Estimates predict that during the next decade, $100 billion will be spent adapting the world’s electrical power infrastructure to new “smart grid” technologies.

What parts of the economy will benefit these upgrades? It will surely be a win for GE, Bechtel, Siemens and other big infrastructure companies. But, just as changes in our food system created new opportunities for farms and small businesses here in Vermont, there are also many ways for new businesses to participate in producing, monitoring and distributing energy through a smarter power grid. In Vermont, energy efficiency and renewable energy have already created thousands of associated jobs. With our state’s new Center for Energy Transformation and Innovation, we are at the forefront of the smart grid revolution. Burlington Free Press article, "State, UVM partner with national lab on smart grid project".  

Vermont’s strong commitment to food and energy resiliency and political collaboration, means that Vermont is a good testing ground for new responses to energy service reliability, energy security threats, and energy efficiency through technology. As the vice president of Sandia’s California laboratory relayed in the article above, “Vermont is particularly well suited to a collaboration with Sandia because all of its “stakeholders” in the grid, including the utilities and the renewable energy sector, are already working together”.

Smart grids offer another big upside. Shifting to renewable power sources (sun, wind, hydro, biomass) is challenging because the flow of power is intermittent. Smart grids technologies can compensate for intermittency limitations and help harmonize local energy production and distribution with regional and national energy supply and demand.
 

In the spring of 2011, I installed a 1 acre array of solar panels (enough to power the electrical needs of about 25 average homes) at South Village (photo) under Vermont’s innovative group net metering program. My goal now for the project is to work with Green Mountain Power on integrating smart grid technology and battery storage to substantially improve the value of the electricity that can be produced by “citizen” solar installations.

This is such a fascinating time. During the past century, industries core to our well being were centralized: energy, food, information and finance. Concentration of control and ownership created great wealth (for a few) but also great loss. Burning fossil fuels changed our climate. We lost half of our country’s topsoil to industrial farming practices. We created dead zones in our lakes, rivers and coastal areas. A global financial meltdown has left millions unemployed.
 

Now the tides are reversing as we move toward decentralizing our food and energy systems, increasing access to ideas and information through the internet and social media, and re-localizing finance (via Slow Money investing and more locally owned banks), we are returning crucial sectors of the economy to local control. A very good direction.

When Bigger is Better: The Intervale Food Hub

December 2nd, 2011

For people who want easy access to local, organic food, Burlington Vermont is a good place to live. Within city limits there are 13 farms producing everything from salad greens and parsnips to eggs and blueberries.

This farming happens on land that’s under long-term management by The Intervale Center, a non-profit organization that I helped to establish back in 1987 as part of Gardener’s Supply’s community service . At the heart of the Center’s work is their stewardship of 350 acres of land, much of it currently in certified organic agricultural production.

Most Intervale farmers are distributing their produce at local farmers markets and through CSA memberships. But traditional CSAs, even in our hotbed of local food interest, reach less than 10% of local consumers.  To increase demand and reach more households additional innovation is needed.  Just as the first CSA in northern New England was started in the Intervale, the Intervale Center is now helping 100’s of new households connect with local food through an innovative multi-farm CSA with shares delivered to their places of employment.  This initiative, operated by The Intervale Food Hub, has been attracting a lot of attention.

 I spent the day after Thanksgiving with two of those interested parties – Mark Bittman from the New York Times, and Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders – giving them a tour of Intervale farms and explaining the Food Hub concept.  Our Food Hub is a triple-win: more consumers get easier access to food from local farms, 24 farmers have a new and predictable sales channel, and more local economic value from food produced and purchased here is circulated in our economy rather than “leaking” out.

 

Bernie Sanders, Mark Bittman and Travis Marcotte (Executive Director of the Intervale Center)  Photo by Joe Speidel

As mayor of Burlington, it was Bernie Sanders who paved the way for establishing the Intervale Center. Back then, it was almost impossible to find local, organically-grown produce.  New York Times columnist, cookbook author and popular TV and video cook, Mark Bittman, has been a powerful spokesman for healthy eating and food system change. This New York Times commentary on his recent visit to Burlington, does a great job of explaining the Food Hub concept. 

I want to thank both of these distinguished guests for helping to spread the word about some of the many good things that are happening here in Vermont.
 

News About Our Land Restoration and Farming Initiatives in Costa Rica

November 14th, 2011

Our non-profit organization in Costa Rica, Restoring Our Watershed, has taken a big leap forward this year thanks to Matt Rosensteele and Ann Marie Titsworth who have come on board as Executive Director and Director of Operations, respectively. Though Matt and Ann Marie have been with us less than 6 months, they’ve made some remarkable progress.

In early October, ROW launched a new and improved website: ourwatershed.org. The new site has a good overview of our work in the Nandamojo River valley, as well as an interactive version of our monthly publication, The Green Leaflet, in both Spanish and English. Our blog has been integrated into the website to provide timely news about happenings in the region. You can also sign up for our monthly emails for updates about our various projects.

  


One of ROW’s key goals has been to establish a micro-lending program to stimulate local food production. In August, we gave out our first loan to help several local residents purchase beehives. The new beekeeping operation will provide a sustainable source of income for two families, with the first harvest expected this December. Honey production is an ideal first project as there’s strong local demand for the product, a good profit margin for the borrowers, and a beneficial effect on the environment.

Jaime Zuñiga Leal inspects his new hives.

 A second micro-lending initiative is in the works. If all goes well, several area residents will soon begin offering local, humanely produced eggs to area hotels and restaurants. To learn more about our micro-lending program and investing in the future of the Nandamojo, please visit the ROW website or send an email to ROW’s Executive Director, Matt Rosensteele, matt@ourwatershed.org.

What is Vermont’s Newest Agricultural Crop?

August 10th, 2011

It’s not milk or maple syrup. It’s not apples or honey. Vermont farmers are learning that one of the best ways to generate on-farm profit is by “growing” electricity.

In fact, energy experts suggest that by 2030, Vermont’s working landscape of forests, pastures and cropland, could be producing more than 50% of our State’s electrical energy needs. For farmers that have had to struggle with volatile milk prices and ever-rising costs for fuel, animal feed, fertilizers and labor, producing a crop that doesn’t require daily feeding, seasonal plowing or annual investments in infrastructure is almost too good to be true. At the same time, the rest of us get to help preserve Vermont’s working landscape by purchasing electricity from Vermont’s farmers at below market prices.

Vermont residents currently pay almost $100 million dollars each year to keep the Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant limping along. If we use that money to instead purchase electricity from Vermont farmers who are generating power from wind, solar, biomass or methane, we could keep all of our energy expenditures circulating right within Vermont.

Want to learn more? Read my article, which will be appearing in an upcoming edition of the Vermont Natural Resources Council’s member newsletter. You may also be interested in learning about the Vermont Council on Rural Development’s Working Landscape Partnership.

2011 BALLE Conference: What Works Locally, Ripples Globally

July 13th, 2011

In June I spoke at the Business Alliance for Local Living Economies annual conference in Bellingham, WA.  BALLE is North America's fastest growing network of socially responsible businesses, with more than 80 community networks in 30 U.S. states and Canadian provinces, representing over 22,000 independent business members.

BALLE’s vision is that within a generation we will see “a global system of human-scale, interconnected Local Living Economies that function in harmony with local ecosystems, meet the basic needs of all people, support just and democratic societies, and foster joyful community life”.  For this year’s conference I was asked to help frame the need for a new economy and discuss my efforts over three decades to build a stronger local economy in VT. 

I began by showing an image from a conference I organized back in 1980.
The first energy crisis had just “ended” and people were starting to realize the precarious connection between our industrial food system and cheap fossil fuels. I suggested that Vermont’s response could be to produce more food for local consumption using less petroleum inputs and using more sustainable practices. This is exactly what’s happened, though it took another ten years to begin gaining traction. Burlington lead the way with Vermont’s first CSA and community-wide waste food and yard waste composting program – both now part of the Intervale Center.

Vermont’s evolving local food system and the new business opportunities it has fostered, have proven BALLE’s belief that: “local, independent businesses are among our most potent change agents, uniquely prepared to take on the challenges of the twenty-first century with an agility, sense of place, and relationship-based approach others lack.”  As Michael Pollan, author or the The Omnivore’s Dilemma, wrote a few years ago:


The total economy is the globalized world in which everything is a commodity. Everything is produced wherever it can be produced most cheaply, which is to say most destructively, of people and resources, and moved to wherever it can be sold most dearly. This is zero sum food economy. It means more cheap food for us, less for the soil, less for the workers and much less for the animals…Our food, in the vision of the globalizers and the vision of the total economy, will come from wherever in the world it can be produced most cheaply, freeing American labor and land for higher uses. I frankly don’t know what higher use there is for labor and land than growing food…Local food economies are our best hope for checking the drift toward the total global economy. And food is where these economies begin. A revolt is underway across this country. A revolt of the small producers and consumers and some of the most important politics today…are happening at the farmer’s market.

The “total economy” that Pollan speaks of relies on a neoclassical economic principle in which the human economy is above the biosphere and nature imposes no limits on continual economic growth. Peak oil, climate change and diminishing soil and water resources reveal a different reality. Food security and food prices will continue to challenge this wrong-headed human assumption.

At BALLE, I also pointed to other factors that are supporting change in our food system. Similar impulses are at play in the energy system and waste system, and the consequences of damaged ecosystems are becoming impossible to ignore. Regaining local control is a trend that will result in a remade global economy, built on more resilient local economies.

Vermont Leads the Way

June 2nd, 2011

New Legislation Encourages Small Scale Solar Installations

 Last week, Vermont’s Governor Peter Shumlin flipped the “ON” switch for our new solar array at the Farm at South Village. That project is an exciting story in itself  (read all about it in the May 2011issue of the Green Energy Times), but the governor and other state legislators were also on hand to sign an important new bill into law.

The Vermont Energy Act of 2011 (H.56) makes it faster, easier and more lucrative for Vermonters to become small-scale solar energy producers. Homeowners, farmers, businesses, non-profit organizations and even small towns, can now gain approval for a solar installation in less than 2 weeks. This new legislation also requires local utility companies to purchase energy that’s generated by their customers AND pay a premium for it.

Vermont Governor Peter Shumlin signed the new bill into law, minutes before throwing the switch to begin producing energy with our 150 kW solar array at the Farm at South Village.

The US and VT tax credits for renewable energy projects have definitely played an important role in incentivizing the installation of photovoltaic arrays. Here in Vermont, nearly 5 MW of photovoltaic panels have been installed, with another 5 MW expected before the end of the year.

By reducing the expense and barriers associated with the permitting process, and ensuring that local utilities will purchase power from small-scale producers for a good price, Vermont’s shift to a cleaner, more sustainable and more secure energy future has moved into high gear.

I was one of several speakers at the commissioning event. You can watch a VIDEO HERE (my comments start at minute 2:05).

 

When the nearest peat bog is 4000 miles away…try coconut!

May 3rd, 2011

Gardeners know that plants grow best in soil that is fertile, well drained, moisture retentive and alive with biological life. When we are not blessed with good soil, adding organic fertilizers can be an effective Band-Aid. But the best long-term solution is to build up the soil and stimulate beneficial soil life by adding organic matter — especially compost and mulch.

Good soil is also important when starting seeds and growing flowers or vegetables in containers. In these growing conditions, plants need soil that’s lighter and more moisture retentive than even the best garden soil. Time and again we have found that the ideal growing medium is a blend of peat moss, vermiculite and perlite.

Here in the US, we have easy access to a number of different peat-based growing mediums and soil conditioners. But in Costa Rica, where my wife Lynette and I garden from January to April, these materials are very expensive and difficult to find. Vermiculite and perlite are made from minerals that are mined in distant locations and their production requires high heat and industrial kilns. Peat moss is made from decayed, compressed sphagnum moss that’s harvested from peat bogs 4000 miles away in northern Canada. 

Without access to these excellent soil conditioners, it was hard to imagine how we could start seeds, garden in containers and lighten up the heavy clay soils that are so typical in the part of Costa Rica where we live. Fortunately, nature has provided a local alternative. We are learning that coir – the fibrous waste product from the outer shells of coconuts – is a good substitute for peat moss, vermiculite and perlite. Throughout the tropics, coconuts are harvested for their water, meat and oil.* Now their shells are proving to be valuable as well.

Finding effective soil conditioners is important for the success of our personal garden, but it’s even more important for the success of Mi Tierra, the 5-acre organic fruit and vegetable farm that we operate in Costa Rica. This winter we discovered that 50-pound bags of compressed coir are readily available just a few hours away. Elias Rodriguez, the farm manager of Mi Tierra, screened these blocks of compressed coir to remove lumps and create a uniformly textured growing medium that’s perfect for seed starting, transplanting and growing in containers. Even the lumps are being put to good use. When mixed into the heavy clay soil, they lighten it and improve the tilth. This soil conditioning property is proving especially effective in areas where we transplant crops such as watermelons and squash.

Nature has given coir unique hydrological qualities. Under a microscope, each coir fiber looks like a bundle of straws. When coir absorbs water, it holds the moisture inside, rather than around these fibers. For this reason, wet coir doesn’t really “feel” wet because most of the moisture is held inside the fibers. 

All our tests with coir have been encouraging. We have had good results with a coir-based seed starting mix. Our tests using coir as a soil amendment for field crops also look promising. When mixed into the soil, coir lasts longer than compost or leaf mulch, which is an important benefit in tropical climates. Coir’s unique microstructure also makes it more effective than peat moss for maintaining aeration and minimizing water logging.

Our highest hopes for coir are as a growing medium in container gardening. With the farm’s generally poor soils and many challenges to making an adequate supply of compost, plus strong winds, torrential rains, soil diseases, insect pests and troublesome animals (iguanas, monkeys, opossum), we have come to the conclusion that to maintain a consistent output of produce, some crops need to be grown in containers.

In our current container growing trials we are comparing pure coir to the growing mix we’ve been producing ourselves for the past 5 years. We’re also comparing several different organic fertilization protocols, including a slow-release organic fertilizer. We are growing in reused plastic rice bags linked to a drip irrigation system, and are experimenting with preformed cubes of compressed coir that are currently being used in the commercial greenhouse industry. If these tests are successful, the farm could significantly increase the amount of local, organic food it produces. Ideally we can be bringing fruit and vegetables to market 9 to 10 months per year rather than just 3-4 months.

* See also "What’s the easiest and most important (tropical) plant gardeners can grow?".

 
 

Elias Rodriquez, farm manager of Mi Tierra, with a bag of screened coir. Bulk coir must be screened before use to remove big lumps.
 

 

 

Elias next to watermelons, newly transplanted into heavy clay soil that’s been amended with coir. The cages protect against garobos, which are large omnivorous iguana-like lizards that eat almost everything that isn’t protected.
 

 

My wife Lynette with some of the reused rice bags filled with coir.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Seedlings started in coir. In the background is a coir brick ready to be hydrated.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

We are growing eggplants and cucumbers in both coir and a local soil mix. We’re also testing various organic fertilizers and are experimenting with windbreak netting.

 

 

 

These tomatoes are growing in pure coir with slow release organic fertilizer and drip irrigation. The surrounding fence protects against iguanas and opossum.